IS Families/ISAs1 family
Original Identification and Distribution
ISAs1 was identified in the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida [1] as insertions into the vapA gene which is responsible for the formation of a virulence factor, the tetragonal paracrystalline surface protein array (A-layer). Southern blot analysis showed it to be restricted to 2 A. salmonicida strains and present in low copy number. The putative ISAs1 transposase was visualized as a 42,000 molecular weight (M(r)) protein [1].
There are nearly 100 entries for this family in ISfinder from over 50 bacterial species. There are currently no archaeal members. ISAs1 family members are between 1200 and 1326 bp long and generally carry related terminal IRs of between 14 and 22 bp (Fig.ISAs1.1). A single orf of between 294 and 376 amino acids occupies almost the entire length with between 26 and 50% identity. There are several conserved D and E residues but no clear C1 domain. The Tpases of this family include a β-strand insertion domain [2].
A second, related IS, IS1358, was identified in Vibrio and is linked to surface layer and O-antigen genes [1]. Its putative Tpase of has been visualized using a phage T7 promoter-driven gene [3] and that of ISAs1 has been detected in Escherichia coli minicells [1].
The family also includes ‘‘H-repeats’’ which form part of several so-called RHS (Rearrangement Hot Spot) elements containing another repeated sequence, the H-rpt element (Hinc-repeat) (see [4] [5] [6]). Escherichia coli K-12 contains 5 large repetitions of this type (RhsA to RhsE, scattered around the chromosome with lengths of between 3.7 and 9.6 kb). They represent nearly 1 % of the chromosome and provide homology for RecA-dependent rearrangements. These elements are present in many but not all wild-type isolates of E. coli.
The most prominent Rhs component is a giant core orf whose features are suggestive of a cell wall surface ligand-binding protein. Each Rhs element also contains another repeated sequence, the H-rpt element displaying features of typical insertion sequences (called ISSe1), although no transposition activity has yet been detected.
For the sake of clarity, the H-rpt DNA sequences B (RhsB), C1to C3 (RhsC), E (RhsE), and min.5 [7], as well as H-rptF [6], have been renamed ISEc1 to ISEc7, respectively (Table 1. Characteristics of insertion sequence families) [8].
Mechanism
Little is known about the transposition properties of this family of elements. However, recent experiments with the Vibrio cholera element IS1358 and ISPG2 have demonstrated that insertion generates 10-bp [8] or 8-bp [1] DRs.
It is interesting to note that several members of the family (IS1358 [9][3][10], ISAs1 [1] and ISSe1 [11]) are associated with cell surface component genes in their respective hosts, although this may reflect the interests of the researchers rather than reflecting a specific association.
In Streptococcus agalactiae, IS1548, is also associated with virulence modulation [12] and has been linked to 19 strains associated with neonatal meningitis and endocarditis [13]. It has been reported to impact S. agalactiae in two ways: by inactivating virulence genes such as hylB (hyaluronidase ) or cpsD by insertion and by activating the expression of downstream genes such as lmb (laminin/Zn-binding protein gene) and murB (peptidoglycan biosynthesis) [13][14].
Another member, ISPmar4, has been implicated in driving transposition of a mosaic element in Paracoccus [15].
Bibliography
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Stroeher UH, Jedani KE, Dredge BK, Morona R, Brown MH, Karageorgos LE, Albert MJ, Manning PA . Genetic rearrangements in the rfb regions of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1995 Oct 24, 92(22);10374-8 [PubMed:7479787] [DOI]
- ↑ Hickman AB, Chandler M, Dyda F . Integrating prokaryotes and eukaryotes: DNA transposases in light of structure. - Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol: 2010 Feb, 45(1);50-69 [PubMed:20067338] [DOI]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1
- ↑
- ↑ <nowiki>
- ↑ 6.0 6.1
- ↑ Zhao S, Sandt CH, Feulner G, Vlazny DA, Gray JA, Hill CW . Rhs elements of Escherichia coli K-12: complex composites of shared and unique components that have different evolutionary histories. - J Bacteriol: 1993 May, 175(10);2799-808 [PubMed:8387990] [DOI]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mahillon J, Chandler M . Insertion sequences. - Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 1998 Sep, 62(3);725-74 [PubMed:9729608] [DOI]
- ↑
- ↑ Mahillon J, Chandler M . Insertion sequences. - Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 1998 Sep, 62(3);725-74 [PubMed:9729608] [DOI]
- ↑ Xiang SH, Hobbs M, Reeves PR . Molecular analysis of the rfb gene cluster of a group D2 Salmonella enterica strain: evidence for its origin from an insertion sequence-mediated recombination event between group E and D1 strains. - J Bacteriol: 1994 Jul, 176(14);4357-65 [PubMed:8021222] [DOI]
- ↑
- ↑ 13.0 13.1
- ↑ Al Safadi R, Amor S, Hery-Arnaud G, Spellerberg B, Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Gannier F, Quentin R, Rosenau A . Enhanced expression of lmb gene encoding laminin-binding protein in Streptococcus agalactiae strains harboring IS1548 in scpB-lmb intergenic region. - PLoS One: 2010 May 24, 5(5);e10794 [PubMed:20520730] [DOI]
- ↑
